Introduction to Functional Analysis. Fall 2019

Alexei Yu. Pirkovskii (lectures and exercises), Ivan S. Shilin (exercises)

Syllabus

Lectures

Lecture 1 (06.09.2019).
Normed spaces. Examples: norms on finite-dimensional spaces, 𝓁p, c0, 𝓁∞(X), Cb(X), Cn[a,b], Lp(X,μ). Bounded linear operators. Characterizations of bounded linear operators. Boundedness = continuity. The domination relation and the equivalence of norms on a vector space.
Lecture 2 (13.09.2019).
Any two norms on a finite-dimensional vector space are equivalent. The norm of a bounded linear operator. Topologically injective operators, isometries, topological and isometric isomorphisms. Topologically injective = bounded below. Examples of bounded linear operators: multiplication operators, shift operators, integral operators.
Lecture 3 (20.09.2019).
Banach spaces. Examples: finite-dimensional spaces, 𝓁∞(X), Cb(X), 𝓁p, Lp(X,μ). The space ℬ(X,Y) of bounded linear operators is complete whenever Y is complete. The "extension by continuity" theorem. Completions of normed spaces: existence, universal property, uniqueness, functoriality.
Lecture 4 (27.09.2019).
Open operators and coisometries. Characterizations of open operators. Quotients of normed spaces. The universal property of quotients. Corollaries. The completeness of quotients. Inner producr spaces. The Cauchy-Bunyakowski-Schwarz inequality. The norm generated by an inner product. Hilbert spaces. Examples.
Lecture 5 (04.10.2019).
Unitary isomorphisms of inner product spaces. Orthogonal complements and their basic properties. Orthogonal projections: equivalent definitions. The existence of orthogonal projections onto a closed subspace of a Hilbert space. The orthogonal complement theorem. Orthonormal families. Examples. Fourier coefficients and their geometric properties. Bessel's inequality. Fourier series and their elementary properties (uniqueness, Parseval's identity).
Lecture 6 (11.10.2019).
Orthonormal bases, total orthonormal families, maximal orthonormal families. Relations between these notions. Orthogonalization. The existence of an orthonormal basis in a separable inner product space. Examples of orthonormal bases. Classification of separable Hilbert spaces. The Riesz-Fischer theorem. The Hahn-Banach theorem for real vector spaces and for linear functionals dominated by sublinear functionals.
Lecture 7 (18.10.2019).
The Hahn-Banach theorem for seminormed spaces. Corollaries (for normed spaces): extension of bounded linear functionals, a "dual" formula for the norm, linear functionals separate the points, linear functionals separate the points and vector subspaces. Barrels in normed spaces. The barrel lemma for Banach spaces. The Uniform Boundedness Principle (the Banach-Steinhaus theorem).
Lecture 8 (25.10.2019).
The Open Mapping Theorem, the Inverse Mapping Theorem, the Closed Graph Theorem. Dual spaces and dual operators. Basic properties of dual operators. The Riesz Representation Theorem on linear functionals on Hilbert spaces. The dual of 𝓁p.
Lecture 9 (08.11.2019).
Similar and isometrically equivalent operators. The duals of diagonal and shift operators on 𝓁p. Complex measures. The variation of a complex measure. σ-additivity implies bounded variation. The integral of a bounded measurable function w.r.t. a complex measure. The dual of the space B(X) of bounded measurable functions (the Hildebrandt-Kantorovich theorem). Complex Radon measures on compact topological spaces. The dual of C(X) (the Riesz-Markov-Kakutani theorem, without proof). A special case: the dual of C[a,b] in terms of functions of bounded variation (the Riesz theorem, without proof).
Lecture 10 (15.11.2019).
The canonical embedding of a normed space into the bidual. Reflexive Banach spaces. Examples. Annihilators and preannihilators, their basic properties. The dual of a subspace and of a quotient. Relations between kernels and images of operators and of their duals. A duality between injective operators and operators with dense image. A duality between topologically injective and surjective operators on Banach spaces. A duality between isometries and coisometries on Banach spaces.
Lecture 11 (22.11.2019).
The spectrum of an algebra element. Examples. Algebraic properties of the spectrum (the behavior of the spectrum under homomorphisms, the polynomial spectral mapping theorem, the spectrum of the inverse element). Banach algberas. Examples. Properties of the multiplicative group of a Banach algebra. The automatic continuity of characters (i.e., of C-valued homomorphisms) of a Banach algebra.
Lecture 12 (29.11.2019).
The compactness of the spectrum of a Banach algebra element. The resolvent function and its properties. The nonemptiness of the spectrum. The Gelfand-Mazur theorem. The spectral radius of a Banach algebra element. The point spectrum, the continuous spectrum, and the residual spectrum of a bounded linear operator. An example: calculating the parts of the spectrum for the diagonal operator.
Lecture 13 (06.12.2019).
Spectra of similar operators. The spectrum of the dual operator. Relations between the parts of the spectrum of an operator and of the dual operator. An example: the parts of the spectrum of the shift operators on 𝓁p. Totally bounded metric spaces. Examples and counterexamples. The compactness criterion of a metric space (compactness ⇔ sequential compactness ⇔ countable compactness ⇔ limit point compactness ⇔ total boundedness + completeness) (statement only). Corollaries. Uniform continuity and equicontinuity. The Cantor theorem and the Arzela-Ascoli theorem (statements only). The Riesz lemma on an ε-perpendicular. The noncompactness of the sphere in an infinite-dimensional normed space.
Lecture 14 (13.12.2019).
Compact operators: definition, simplest examples and counterexamples. Properties of the set of compact operators. Schauder's theorem on the compactness of the dual operator. Approximation of Hilbert-space-valued compact operators by finite rank operators. Remarks on the approximation property and Schauder bases. The compactness criterion for a diagonal operator on 𝓁p or on c0. The adjoint of an operator between Hilbert spaces. Basic properties of the operation of taking the adjoint. The C*-property.
Lecture 15 (20.12.2019).
Selfadjoint operators. The spectrum of a selfadjoint operator is real. The orthogonality of the eigenspaces of a selfadjoint operator. The spectral radius of a selfadjoint operator equals the norm. A relation between invariant subspaces on an operator and of its adjoint. The quadratic form of a selfadjoint operator. The norm of a selfadjoint operator in terms of its quadratic form. The norm of a compact selfadjoint operator in terms of eigenvalues. The Hilbert–Schmidt theorem.

Seminars

Exercise sheets

You are allowed to tell your solutions to an instructor after the deadline as well, but you earn half the points for that.

Exercises marked by "-B" are optional. If you solve such exercises, you will earn bonus points.

Some more exercises

The followng two lists are not exercise sheets, but are just selections of exercises some of which were discussed at the blackboard during traditional seminars. They can also be helpful for preparing to the exam.

Midterm program (01.11.2019)

Exam program (24.12.2019)

Contacts and office hours

Grading rules

References